PROPELLING H2020 Eurobench

PROPELLING

PROPELLING stands for "Pushing forward RObot develoPmEnt for LawmakING," and investigates how robot testing facilities could help to optimize the regulation for robot technologies.

Our story

From exoskeletons to lightweight robotic suits, wearable robots are changing dynamically and rapidly, challenging the timeliness of laws and regulatory standards that were not prepared for robots that would help wheelchair users walk again. Simultaneously, experimentation is emerging as a critical component in ensuring safety and compliance with existing norms, although using the knowledge generated is not used for policies yet.

Currently, robot testing zones focus on improving specific prototypes and how to commercialize them. However, experimentation could boost standards by providing further guidance, establishing new safety requirements, reformulating existing criteria, or abandoning specific provisions. PROPELLING's goal is to exploit that potential and help policymakers in tackling novel wearable robots.

Executed within H2020’s EUROBENCH, PROPELLING will use its robot test facilities, software and databases, to execute several experiments with lower-limb exoskeletons. It will also experiment with a varied set of volunteers to investigate how standards should frame different categories of subjects. The information gathered will then serve to put forward specific, informed recommendations to revise technical standards - in particular the ISO 13482:2014 on safety requirements for personal care robots.

H2020 Eurobench project

The EUROBENCH project aims at creating the first benchmarking framework for robotic systems in Europe. The framework will allow companies and researchers to test the performance of robots at any stage of development.

Academic outputs

Fosch-Villaronga, E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., Torricelli, D. (2023) How can ISO 13482:2014 account for the ethical and social considerations of robotic exoskeletons? Technology in Society, 102387, 1-21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102387.

Fosch-Villaronga, E., Drukarch, H. (2022) PROPELLING | Towards optimizing robot regulation through robot testing facilities. Poster presented at the Eurobench Summit, 22-23 May, 2022.Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2022). Harnessing robot experimentation to optimize the regulatory framing of emerging robot technologies. Data & Policy, Cambridge University Press, 1-15, https://t.co/arDLOYqNvL
Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2022). Towards Evidence-Based Standard-Making for Robot Governance. In: Pons, J. L. (2022) Interactive Robotics: Legal, Ethical, Social and Economic Aspects. Biosystems & Biorobotics, vol. 30, Springer., 220-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04305-5_36.

Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2021). Harnessing robot experimentation to optimise the regulatory framing of emerging robot technologies, Sept 14–16, 2021. (Link to an external site)

Drukarch, H., Calleja, C., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2021). Building a dynamic framework for evidence utilization in policymaking for robot technologies. Paper presented at the H2020 CSA INBOTS 2021 Conference, May 18-19, 2021.

Towards evidence-based standard-making for robot governance

Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2022). Towards Evidence-Based Standard-Making for Robot Governance. In: Pons, J. L. (2022) Interactive Robotics: Legal, Ethical, Social and Economic Aspects. Biosystems & Biorobotics, vol. 30, Springer., 220-227, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04305-5_36.

Despite the growing body of literature highlighting the legal and ethical questions robots raise, robot developers struggle to incorporate other aspects than mere physical safety into robot design to make them comprehensively safe. The chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries established years ago use evidence-based frameworks that ensure the safety of these products EU-wide. However, these evidence-based frameworks have yet to be seen for robot technology. As a result, current robot technology raises many legal and ethical issues. The PROPELLING project aims to investigate how robot testbeds can be harnessed as data generators for standard-makers. To this end, the project focuses on testing safety requirements for lower-limb exoskeletons to understand whether standards, particularly ISO 13482:2014, address safety sufficiently and comprehensively and use the H2020 Eurobench testing beds and data as a means for appraising the standard. We suggest that linking experimentation settings with standard-making processes could speed up the creation, revision, or discontinuation of norms governing robot technology.

Harnessing robot experimentation to optimize the regulatory framing of emerging robot technologies

Calleja, C., Drukarch, H., and Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2022). Harnessing robot experimentation to optimize the regulatory framing of emerging robot technologies. Data & Policy, Cambridge University Press, 1-15

From exoskeletons to lightweight robotic suits, wearable robots are changing dynamically and rapidly, challenging the timeliness of laws and regulatory standards that were not prepared for robots that would help wheelchair users walk again. In this context, equipping regulators with technical knowledge on technologies could solve information asymmetries among developers and policymakers and avoid the problem of regulatory disconnection. This article introduces pushing robot development for lawmaking (PROPELLING), an financial support to third parties from the Horizon 2020 EUROBENCH project that explores how robot testing facilities could generate policy-relevant knowledge and support optimized regulations for robot technologies. With ISO 13482:2014 as a case study, PROPELLING investigates how robot testbeds could be used as data generators to improve the regulation for lower-limb exoskeletons. Specifically, the article discusses how robot testbeds could help regulators tackle hazards like fear of falling, instability in collisions, or define the safe scenarios for avoiding any adverse consequences generated by abrupt protective stops. The article’s central point is that testbeds offer a promising setting to bring policymakers closer to research and development to make policies more attuned to societal needs. In this way, these approximations can be harnessed to unravel an optimal regulatory framework for emerging technologies, such as robots and artificial intelligence, based on science and evidence.

1-s2.0-S0160791X23001926-main (1).pdf

How can ISO 13482:2014 account for the ethical and social considerations of robotic exoskeletons?

This paper analyzes and classifies regulatory gaps and inconsistencies in ISO 13482:2014 (‘Safety Requirements for Personal Care Robots'), specifically regarding robotic lower-limb exoskeletons, being personal care robots, for everyday activities. Following a systematic literature review, our findings support the conclusion that, even though ISO 13482:2014 has proven to be a substantial step towards regulating that type of wearable robot, it fails to address safety sufficiently and comprehensively. That failure results in a general overlook of critical legal, ethical, and social considerations when designing robots, with the consequence that seemingly safe systems might nonetheless harm end-users. Notwithstanding those limitations and impediments to the development of safe technologies, to date, there has been no thorough assessment of how the standard regulates the development of exoskeletons and whether it requires any improvement in light of ethical, legal, and societal considerations. To bridge this gap, we compile relevant areas for improvement concerning ISO 13482:2014 fueled by these considerations. We do so in an accessible manner and provide concrete recommendations to help decision-makers overcome the standard's drawbacks.

Poster Session at the Eurobench Summit 2022

Fosch-Villaronga, E., Drukarch, H. (2022) PROPELLING | Towards optimizing robot regulation through robot testing facilities. Poster presented at the Eurobench Summit, 22-23 May, 2022.

Fosch-Villaronga, E. (1) & Drukarch, H. (2) (1).pdf

Presentations

Fosch-Villaronga, E. & Drukarch, H. (2022). From testbeds to policy-making.Opportunities and challenges of experiments in regulating wearable robots. Complutense University of Madrid, 28 April 2022.

Calleja, C., & Fosch-Villaronga, E. (2021). Harnessing robot experimentation to optimise the regulatory framing of emerging robot technologies. Presentation at the COST 16116 & H2020 Eurobench Summer Webinar Series on Standardisation & Benchmarking, 28 Sept.

Deliverables

Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.1 Report on the identified areas for regulatory improvement for lower-limb exoskeletons. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3570722.
Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.2 Experiment design. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571947.
Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.3 Findings from the first week of testing. D1.3.1 Fear of Falling. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3589564.
Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.3 Findings from the first week of testing. D1.3.2 Findings from the first week of testing. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571949.
Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.4 Communication & Outreach. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571951.
Fosch Villaronga E., Calleja, C., Drukarch, H. (2022). D1.5 Scientific dissemination. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571953.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.1 Protective stop & graceful collapsing safety and parameters experiment design. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3577186.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.2 Protective stop & graceful collapsing safety and parameters experiment results H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571960.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.3 Lecture on ‘evidence-based policymaking for robot development H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571962.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.4 Policy brief: Harnessing exoskeleton robot experimentation to optimize their regulatory framing. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571964.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.5 Feedback report on EUROBENCH. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3571966.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.6 Presentation PROPELLING: Results & Achievements. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3577188.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.7 Scientific dissemination. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3564701.
Fosch Villaronga E. & Drukarch, H. (2022) D2.8 Communication & Outreach. H2020 Eurobench FSTP PROPELLING, eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies at Leiden University, https://hdl.handle.net/1887/3570992.

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, via an Open Call issued and executed under Project EUROBENCH (grant agreement No. 779963)

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